Contagious Dose

Non – sporing anaerobes – • Have been recognized as an important cause of human & animal. • Commensal flora of man & animal in mouth oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract & genital tract. Anaerobes have been estimated to be 104 – 105/ml in small intestine, 108/ml in saliva, 1011/qm in colon. • When body resistance is lowered – opportunistic infection.] • Classification – • I] Cocci – • A] Gram Positive • a. peptostreptococcus. • b. Peptococcus. • B] Gram Negative • Villanelle. • II] Bacilli – • 1] Endospore forming • Clostridia.  2] Non – sporing • A] Gram positive – • a. Eubacterium. • b. Propinibacterium. • c. Lactobacillus. • d. Mobiluncus. • e. Bifidobacterium. • f. Actinomyces. • B] Gram negative – • a. Bacteroides. • b. Prevotellia. • c. Porphyromonas. • d. Fusobacterium. • e. Leptotrichia. • III] Spirochetes – • a. Treponema. • b. Borrelia. • Several anaerobes that occurs in soil & water which may be industrial & agricul

SCAPULA

BONES

UPPER LIMB ANATOMY

AUTACOIDS GENERAL INFORMATION •Autos = self Akos = healing substance - inflammatory and immunological reactions - transmitters in nervous system. Types - • Amines –histamine, serotonin • Lipids –PG ,LT, PAF • Peptides –bradykinins, angiotensin • Others –TNFα ,Gastrin,somatostatin ,intestinal peptide HISTAMINE TISSUE AMINE •Mast cells –storage             Ex --Skin lungs liver gastric mucosa placenta • Nonmast cell – 1) brain epidermis gastric mucosa and growing regions 2) blood ,most body secretions,venoms and pathological fluids . • Synthesis – amino acid histidine locally * Histamine liberation  Venoms (insect/reptile bites) Food products (crabs, lobsters, fish) Trauma due to cold, chemical, thermal, radiant energy Antigen antibody reactions Drugs: d-tubocurarine,morphine, pethidine, amphetamine HISTAMINE RECEPTORS G Protein coupled -- H1 , H2 • H3 - only in brain • H4 • By convention antihistaminic drugs = H1 blockers .. • competitively block h

  Treponema palladium  ✴ Morphology • Thin delicate spirochete with tapering ends. • 10 um long x 0.2-0.2 um wide. • 10 regular spires – sharp & regular can not seen under the light microscope. • India ink & phase contrast microscope. • Fontana’s / levaditis method of staining. Cytoplasm enclosed by cell wall containing peptidoglycan outside that lipid – 3-4 endoflaglla between bothe. ✴  Culture – • Not grow on artificial culture. • Motile & virulent form for 10-12 day’s in complex media. Nichol’s strain (virulent) has been maintained in rabbit testes for several decades by serial testicular passage. • Reiter strain – non pathogenic – group specific Ag. – thyoglycolate medium containing serum. (anaerobical). • Resistance – • Inactivated by drying / heat (41-42°c) in 1 hr. • Killed at 0-40c in 1-3 day’s. so storing blood for at least 4 day’s can be presented syphilis. • Heat / fever therapy for syphilis. ✴ Antigenic Structure – • Syphilis induces atleast three types